Increased studies have demonstrated that some of the ENMs are not inherently benign, and the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles are critical in determining their in vivo biocompatibility.
With the rapid commercialization and widespread use of ENMs, there is an increase in the opportunity of ENM exposure to human beings and environment, which has generated substantial concern that the ENMs could induce adverse health effects. In fact, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with various physicochemical properties have been used in many applications including cosmetics, electronic devices, drug delivery systems, and other personal health care products. Nanotechnology offers the prospect of utilizing nano-sized materials with novel physicochemical properties to improve the functions of commercial products, which could significantly improve the quality of life. The understanding of the mechanisms of ENMs-NLRP3 inflammasome interaction will provide us strategies for safer nanomaterial design and therapy. In this review, we aim to link the ENM physicochemical properties to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Among these, NLRP3 inflammasome is the most studied one that could directly interact with ENMs to generate inflammatory responses. Inflammasomes are a family of multi-protein complexes and are increasingly recognized as major mediators of host immune system. Recently, there are more studies suggesting inflammasome activation may play an important role in ENMs-induced biological responses. However, the physicochemical properties that make ENMs attractive could interact with biological systems and induce cascades of events that cause toxicological effects. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) continue to attract significant attentions because they have novel physicochemical properties that can improve the functions of products that will benefit human lives.
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